FIRST AND FOREMOST, WHY THIS DEGREE IS CALLED DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY – PhD
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest degree that
is conferred after a course of study, by universities. PhDs or Doctorates are
awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic disciplines. PhD
scholars are usually required to produce original research that expands the
boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a thesis or
dissertation. They defend their work in front of expert/s in the field.
It is interesting to note that a person who did his masters
in Arts say MA in Sociology or English or masters in Science say MSc Botany or
Physics or masters in Engineering say MTech in Electrical Engineering or
Mechanical Engineering or masters in Management MBA, while going for
higher education, is awarded a degree of Doctor of Philosophy PhD, on
completion of stipulated requirements, notwithstanding the nomenclature or
specialization of the academic discipline i.e. Arts, Science, Engineering or Management
in which the previous highest degree was obtained.
Why the word
“Doctor” and why the word “Philosophy” is used irrespective of the branch or
discipline of knowledge in which the work is being carried out and the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy is being conferred.
Doctor is an academic title that originates from the
Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. The word is originally
an agentive noun
of the Latin verb docēre 'to teach'. It has been used as an
academic title in Europe since the 13th century when the first doctorates were
awarded at the University
of Bologna and the University
of Paris. Having become established in European universities,
this usage spread around the world. "Dr" or "Dr." is used
as a prefix for a person who has obtained a doctorate i.e. PhD.
The Ph.D. can be awarded in a wide variety of fields,
including the sciences, engineering, and humanities. The term “philosophy,” does
not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used
in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is
‘love of wisdom.’
There are two ways in which it may be reasoned why the term
Philosophy is used in Ph.D.
One, the earliest doctoral degrees were in theology –
Divinitatis Doctor or DD, law –
Legum Doctor or LLD, later DCL and medicine –
Medicinæ Doctor or MD, or DM, reflecting the historical separation of
all higher University studies into these three fields. Studies outside theology, law, and medicine were
then called "philosophy", due to the Renaissance conviction that real
knowledge could be derived from empirical observation. Studies in what once was
called philosophy are now classified as sciences and humanities.
Hence, most disciplines, other than a few like medicine and law, have their roots
in Philosophy. Accordingly, the name of the degree awarded is Doctor of Philosophy.
Two, the purpose of Research in Higher Education is to advance the body of knowledge by adding to the existing body of
knowledge, or, challenging the existing knowledge in the form of theories,
principles and postulates, etc., or reinterpreting the existing knowledge.
Philosophy is the foundation of critical thinking.
It brings the important questions to the table and works towards an
answer. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical
discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. These
methods facilitate the work of research. Philosophy helps in analyzing
concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems. It also helps in synthesizing a
variety of views or perspectives into one unified whole. Philosophical thinking
strongly emphasizes clear formulation of ideas and problems, selection of
relevant data, and objective methods for assessing ideas and proposals. It also
emphasizes development of a sense of the new directions suggested by new
hypotheses and questions one encounters while doing research. As the father of
the field of logic Aristotle was the first to develop a formalized system for
reasoning. He observed that the validity of any argument can be determined by
its structure rather than its content. Aristotle claimed that a human’s
highest functioning must include reasoning.
The reasoning given above is based on my personal
understanding.
To sum up, the word Doctor in Doctor of Philosophy refers to one who is licensed to or who can teach. And Philosophy being love of knowledge and wisdom provides methods and methodology to do effective research to broaden the base of knowledge.
The Ph.D. Journey
A Ph.D. typically involves between three and four years of
full-time study, culminating in a thesis that makes an original contribution
to your field.
The process of getting a Ph.D. is made up of quite a few
components and milestones, from the literature review and writing up your
dissertation right through to the viva examination at the end.
This section is a guide on how to do a PhD, providing
in-depth advice and information on some of the main challenges and
opportunities you’ll meet along the way!.
The six stages of the Ph.D. journey
A PhD has a few landmark milestones along the way. The three
to four years you'll spend doing a PhD can be divided into these seven stages.
Stage 1. Preparing a research
proposal
Strictly speaking, your research proposal isn’t part of your PhD. Instead, it’s
normally part of the PhD application process.
The research proposal sets out the aims and objectives for
your PhD: the original topic you plan to study and/or the questions you’ll
set out to answer.
It also explains why your work is worthwhile and why it fits
with the expertise and objectives of your university.
Finally, a Ph.D. proposal explains how you plan to go about
completing your doctorate. This involves identifying the existing scholarship
your work will be in dialogue with and the methods you plan to use in your
research.
All of this means that, even though the proposal precedes
the Ph.D. itself, it plays a vital role in shaping your project and signposting
the work you’ll be doing over the next three or more years.
Stage 2.
Carrying out a literature review
The literature
review is normally the first thing you’ll tackle after beginning your
PhD and having an initial meeting with your supervisor.
It’s a thorough survey of work in your field (the current
scholarly ‘literature’) that relates to your project or to related topics.
Your supervisor will offer some advice and direction, after
which you’ll identify, examine and evaluate existing data and scholarship.
In most cases the literature review will actually form part
of your final PhD dissertation – usually setting up the context for the
project, before you begin to explain and demonstrate your own thesis.
Research vs. scholarship
Research and scholarship are both important parts of a
PhD. But they aren't the same thing - and it's helpful to know the difference.
Research is the original work you produce with your thesis. Scholarship is the
expert understanding of your subject area that enables you to conduct valuable
research.
Stage 3. Conducting
research and collecting results
Once you’ve carried out your literature review, you’ll move
from scholarship to research.
This doesn’t mean you’ll never read another academic article
or consult someone else’s data again. Far from it. You’ll stay up to date with
any new developments in your field and incorporate these into your literature
review as necessary.
But, from here on in, your primary focus in your PhD process
is going to be investigating your own research question. This means carrying
out organised research and producing results upon which to base your
conclusions.
Types of PhD research
The research process and the type of results you collect
will depend upon your subject area:
- In Science,
Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects you’ll
focus on designing experiments, before recording and analysing their
outcomes. This often means assembling and managing complex numerical
datasets – sometimes in collaboration with the rest of your laboratory or
workshop.
- In Social
Science subjects you’ll be more focussed on designing surveys or
conducting case studies. These will produce quantitative or qualitative
data, depending on the nature of your work.
- In Arts
and Humanities subjects you’ll often have less raw data, but that
doesn’t mean you won’t be working with ‘hard’ factual information. You’ll
analyse texts, sources and other materials according to an accepted
methodology and reflect upon the significance of your findings.
Whatever subject you’re in, this research work will account
for the greater part of your PhD results. You’ll have regular meetings with
your supervisor, but the day-to-day management of your project and its progress
will be your own responsibility.
In some fields it’s common to begin writing up your findings
as you collect them, developing your thesis and completing the accompanying
dissertation chapter-by-chapter. In other cases you’ll wait until you have a
full dataset before reviewing and recording your conclusions.
Stage 4. Ph.D.
teaching, conferences and publications
During the PhD process, you’ll have lots of opportunities to
take part in extra-curricular activities, such as teaching, academic
conferences and publications.
Although it isn’t usually compulsory to participate in
these, they can be an incredibly rewarding experience and will look great on
your CV.
Teaching
during a PhD normally involves hosting undergraduate seminars or
supervising students in the lab, as well as marking work and providing
feedback.
Academic
conferences are an excellent way to network with like-minded
colleagues and find out the latest developments in your field. You might even
be able to present your own work to your peers at one of these events.
Publishing
during a PhD will help you increase your academic profile, as well as
give you experience of the peer review process. It’s not normally a requisite
of your PhD, but publications will certainly help if you plan on applying for
postdoc positions.
As the culmination of three or more years of hard work, the
thesis (or dissertation) is the most important part of the procedure to get
your Ph.D., presenting you with the opportunity to make an original scholarly
contribution to your discipline.
Stage 6.
Defending your PhD results at a viva voce
Unlike other degrees, a Ph.D. isn’t normally marked as a piece
of written work. Instead, your dissertation will be submitted for an oral
examination known as a viva voce (Latin
for ‘living voice’).
This is a formal procedure, during which you ‘defend’ your
thesis in front of appointed examiners, each of whom will have read your
dissertation thoroughly in advance.
Examiners at a viva voce
A PhD is normally examined by two academic experts:
- One
will be an internal examiner, usually appointed from elsewhere in your
faculty and department. They won’t be directly associated with your
project, but will have sufficient expertise to assess your findings.
- The
other will be an external examiner. They will be a recognized expert in
the area you are researching, with a record of relevant research and
publication.
Your supervisor will help you prepare for the viva and will
offer advice on choosing an external examiner. However, they will not normally
be present during the examination.
The doctoral degree conferment ceremony
The doctoral degree conferment ceremony is the faculties’
most important academic celebration. The doctoral graduates who completed their
research studies and successfully defended their theses.
The doctoral degree conferment ceremony is a traditional
rite of passage originally serving to promote doctoral graduates from being
students to becoming entitled to teach in academia themselves. This is marked
by the doctoral graduates being led by a presenter over the symbolic Parnassus
to receive the insignia of their newly acquired status. The insignia are the
honorary symbols of the doctoral degree. Some of them disappeared a long time
ago, such as the book and the sword. The hat, the laurel wreath, the ring and
the diploma remain.
The doctoral degree conferment ceremony is also an occasion
for the faculties to honour highly deserving researchers from other
universities and other citizens, by appointing them as honorary doctors, or
doctor honoris causa. The honorary doctors are people who have achieved
something of major importance for the University or for society and whom the
faculties wish to recognise and tie to their research community. Although often
academics from other universities, honorary doctors can equally well be from
outside academia.